Acceptance Or Rejection Of The Null Hypothesis Economics Essay

Acceptance Or Rejection Of The Null Hypothesis Economics Essay The appropriate value of t is 2.100. Since we are concerned whether b (the slope of original regression line) is significantly different fro B (the hypothesized slope of population regression), this is a two tailed test, and the critical values are  ±2.100. The standardized regression coefficient is 0.063, which is inside the acceptance region for our hypothesis test. Therefore, we accept null hypothesis that B is equal to 0.01. Step 6: Interpretation of the Result There is not enough difference between b and 0.01 for us to conclude that that B has changed from its historical value. Because of this, we feel that a one hundred percent increase in inflation would increase the poverty headcount by around 0.01%, as it has in the past. 2. Inflation and Ginni Coefficient The slope for the regression line that shows a relationship between inflation and gini coefficient is 0.5956. This means that a 100% increase in inflation would result in 0.5956% increase in gini coefficient. Now we wou ld perform the same hypothesis testing procedure to determine the authenticity of slope and whether the slope justifies the relationship between inflation and gini coefficient. Step 1: State the Null and the Alternative Hypothesis Let B denotes the hypothesized slope of actual regression line, the value of the actual slope of regression line is b = 0.5956. The first step is to find some value for B to compare with b= 0.5956. Suppose that over an extended past period of time, the slope of the relationship between inflation and gini coefficient was 0.5. To test whether this is still the case, we could define the hypothesis as: H0: B= 0.50 (Null hypothesis) H1: B à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.50 (Alternative hypothesis) Step 2: Decide on Significance Level and Degree of Freedom Significance level ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05 and Degree of freedom (df) = n-2 = 19 – 2 = 17 Step 3: Find out Standard Error of b Where Sb = standard error of the regression coefficient Se = standard error of estimate Xi = valu es of the independent variable X-Bar = mean of the values of the independent variable n = number of the data points Year X Y X – X-Bar (X-X-Bar)2 Y2 XY 1963-64 4.19 38.6 -2.607368 6.79837008 1489.96 161.734 1966-67 8.58 35.5 1.7826316 3.17777535 1260.25 304.59 1968-69 1.58 33.6 -5.217368 27.2209332 1128.96 53.088 1969-70 4.12 33.6 -2.677368 7.16830166 1128.96 138.432 1970-71 5.71 33 -1.087368 1.18237008 1089 188.43 1971-72 4.69 34.5 -2.107368 4.44100166 1190.25 161.805 1979-80 8.33 37.3 1.5326316 2.34895956 1391.29 310.709 1984-85 5.67 36.9 -1.127368 1.27095956 1361.61 209.223 1985-86 4.35 35.5 -2.447368 5.98961219 1260.25 154.425 1986-87 3.6 34.6 -3.197368 10.2231648 1197.16 124.56 1987-88 6.29 34.8 -0.507368 0.25742271 1211.04 218.892 1990-91 12.66 40.7 5.8626316 34.370449 1656.49 515.262 1992-93 9.83 41 3.0326316 9.19685429 1681 403.03 1993-94 11.27 40 4.4726316 20.0044332 1600 450.8 1996-97 11.8 40 5.0026316 25.0263227 1600 472 1998-99 5.74 41 -1.057368 1.11802798 1681 23 5.34 2001-02 3.54 27.52 -3.257368 10.610449 757.3504 97.4208 2004-05 9.28 29.76 2.4826316 6.16345956 885.6576 276.1728 2005-06 7.92 30.18 1.1226316 1.26030166 910.8324 239.0256 Summation 129.15 678.06 0 177.829168 24481.06 4714.9392 X-Bar = 6.79 Y-Bar = 35.68 Se = 3.59 By putting Se and Summation (X-X-Bar) 2 in Sb, we have Sb = 0.269 Step 4: Find the Standardized Value of b t = b – BH0/Sb Where b = slope of fitted regression BH0 = actual hypothesized slope Sb = standard error of the regression coefficient By putting the values of the above in t, we have t = 0.355 Step 5: Conclusion on Acceptance or Rejection of the Null Hypothesis The appropriate value of t is 2.10. Since we are concerned whether b (the slope of original regression line) is significantly different from B (the hypothesized slope of population regression), this is a two tailed test, and the critical values are  ±2.10. The standardized regression coefficient is 0.355, which is inside the acceptance region for our hypothesis test. Therefore, we accept null hypothesis that B is equal to 0.5 Step 6: Interpretation of the Result There is not enough difference between b and 0.50 for us to conclude that that B has changed from its historical value. Because of this, we feel that a one hundred percent increase in inflation would result in an increase of 0.50% in gini coefficient, as it has in the past.

Trends in Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in Terrorism - Essay Example Tsunamis, hurricanes, and typhoons are just a few natural disasters that mankind faces from time to time (Kapur & Smith, 2010). It is up to different individuals to set the stage for some of them to be tackled. This paper will examine one such disaster, and some of the communication problems agencies might have faced when it came down to handling the situation. Hurricane Katrina, to some, may have been the worst hurricane to ever hit the Atlantic. It is estimated to have killed over 1, 800 people, and the damage assessed to over 80 billion U.S dollars. Communication failure might have worked to increase the damage in terms of lives lost and the property destroyed. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director at the time was forced to resign because of the actions or lack of actions, to warn of the failure of the levee system to drain the flood water. The New Orleans Police Department also had to let go of the Superintendent after investigations were conducted into the fail ure of the levee system in the area (Milakovich & Gordon, 2011). Accurate weather tracking were provided by the U.S Coast Guard and the National Hurricane Center. However, none of these agencies were provided with sufficient knowledge about the levee system in the areas affected, and there was no way the citizens in the area could have automatically known of their fate. During the impact of Katrina, a lot of areas needed health information. Unfortunately, as the devastation of the hurricane continued, it was crucial for the agencies present to change their strategies to those of drown prevention and protection against electrical threats (Izard & Perkins, 2011). The fire departments in some of the states affected were destroyed completely, making the rescue efforts harder for the local agencies and some of the personnel to reach the affected areas. Communication became a problem due to the loss of information centers in these regions. There were reports of department personnel from s ome of the agencies abandoning their posts during the storm. There would have been no definite channel of communication between the different departments and agencies that were present during the evacuation and rescue operations. The destroyed communication infrastructure disabled rescue attempts as there could no longer be any coordination of response teams. There could be no access to the police and fire dispatch centers present in the affected areas, and no public safety radio system was able to operate adequately. In one incident, a senior state official was reported as saying there was no channel of communication and people were writing messages on paper, putting them in bottles, and throwing them in the water for people on the ground (Milakovich & Gordon, 2011). The inadequacy and inefficiency of response teams had consequences on the lives and property of the individuals in the affected areas. The economic, social, and even political scene was changing as people were quick to point fingers in every direction. In terms of repairs for some of the damages, the administration at the time sought for over $100 billion to start some of the repairs. Land was destroyed in the aftermath of Katrina, for example in Mississippi; acres of forest land were destroyed. The redistribution of people changed the social scene drastically

Abacus Business Solution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abacus Business Solution - Case Study Example Industry Definition Point of Sale is the checkout place where a transaction is completed. In other words, it is the point where customers make payments for the goods or services they have purchased. POS systems are usually used by retail industry and restaurant industry. However, in this context, the study will focus only on the restaurant industry. According to David Gilbert, COO of the National Restaurant Association, POS systems are one of the most essential tools for a restaurant as it helps to make their business operation secure, fast and reliable. POS systems are simply the synthesis of hardware and software and business model of the companies belonging to POS industry is also simple. In general, the supply chain model of the POS industry includes POS manufacturers and developers, POS distributors, POS VARs and business owners. Figure 1 –POS Supply Chain Model Some of the major players of POS industry are Micros Systems, Inc., Restaurant Data Concepts and NCR among others. The industry is characterised by variety in product features, services and prices. According to the reports published by IBIS World, the industry reached a value of $1.2 billion in the year 2012. The industry growth rate is 1.8 % annually, but it is expected that, the growth rate will be 2% for the next five years. The major customers of this industry include hospitality sector, retail sectors, and foodservices sector. The share of revenues of POS industry is presented below. Figure 2 – Share of Revenue in POS Industry

Longitude Essay -- essays research papers

Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time is written by Dava Sobel. The book is called Longitude because it is about a clock maker who was able to determine longitude. Determining longitude was the superlative scientific question in the eighteenth century that Galileo and Newton were not able to resolve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The principal inspiration behind the invention completed in this book is that many sailors were lost at seas as a result of their ignorance regarding longitude. So, without the competence to determine longitude, many innocent lives were disintegrated at seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England’s Parliament was desperate for an answer to this problem. So, in 1714 England’s Parliament offered 20,000 pounds to anyone who invented a method or a device for measuring longitude and then proved successful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a result, a Frenchman, sieur de St. Pierre, frowned on the moons of Jupiter as means of determining longitude. He theorized that longitude could be found by the position of the moon and select stars. At the time, Dr. Edmond Halley proved this theory wrong. After many observations, Halley concluded that the moon’s rate of revolution around the earth was accelerating overtime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Harrison was a simple clockmaker and a self-educated person who was accredited for finding longitude by means of a timeke...

History inquiry

The impact of World War 1 on the farming industry was the unreason for its downfall in the 1920. † During World War 1 farming was booming. The farm prices were giant at a staggering 9. 7 US billion dollars and blueness for farmers were great. The reason for this was that the foreign market (mainly Europe) was demanding allot from America due to the fact that many foreign countries had little harvest due to the war. America was mostly isolated and not involved in the war so farming was not effected by the war in America. This meet that the other countries involved in the war had to rely onAmerica's produce, meaning America's farms were selling allot more produce. Therefore they were gaining allot of money and they were living in very good conditions. Farmers in America at this time Oust before the 1 ass's) decided that to keep up with the demand of harvest they would get loans to allow them to get the latest technology to grow and harvest more produce, more quickly. They believe d that this would make them more money in the long run and therefore they were quick to do it. However, things began to go spiraling down for farmers when the war ended.In the beginning of the sass's foreign countries began to recover and thus the American farmers lost their foreleg market. Farm price dropped to a low 4. 1 US billion dollars. Losing their foreign market meet that they were left with their big loans and were stuck with their newly bought technology making way too much produce. The mass amounts of produce they made didn't have enough people buying it and so it went to waste. Leaving farmers with very little income, meaning they had no money to pay off these loans with. This caused the farmers to quickly fall into dept.The dept meant farmers had to continue to produce the same amount of mass produce to pay off their dept. Thus they were stuck in a loop that was pulling them deeper and deeper into dept. During this time the living conditions for farming families were ho rrendous. 6 million farming families had to live on an average of a mere $200 annul. Around 25 million farmers on small farms had to move to work on a commercially big farm. And they farmed on these farms so much they exhausted the land. These figures and facts show Just how bad the social and economic conditions came for farmers.Besides from farmers, African Americans and Immigrants were also finding this decade to be quite hurdling. Racism and racial segregation could be seen everywhere and black Americans had very difficult times, especially because of growing black hate groups such as the ASK. Immigrants and black Americans had allot of trouble in finding good work in American. Immigrants often had a giant language barrier and allot of the time, both immigrants and African-Americans were very uneducated. These were very big social problems of the 1 ass's. This source was made primarily by Fitzpatrick, Daniel Robert (1891-1969).It shows the hardship of farmers In the 1 ass's. As the picture depicts; Farmers are broke and money Lies else where In Industries and such. It successfully shows how bad farmers of this time have It. The republic policy of having a laissez fairer has been said to have a part In causing the down fall of farming. This Is because these polices refused the government from interfering in the farms and no aid or support could would be more realistic to say that this infant didn't cause anything but instead ended the problem from being solved or made better.The technological advance of the sass's could be described as a cause for the farming crash. Many newly invented machines were put into action to increase the speed and amount of produce being made. The machines meant more produce and the produce couldn't be sold because of the lack of market. Loans were made to get aloud of these machines and these loans couldn't be paid back, leaving many farmers in debt. However these loans were only made because of the conditions set in place by the effects of WWW. The arbitration was also apart of the cause of the down fall of farming in America in the sass's.The prohibition banned all alcoholic drinks in America, therefore stopping the production of all alcohol including spirits. This meant that all the wheat and barley used to make these drinks were no longer bought leaving the farmers with even less produce being sold. The amount of wheat being bought dropped by 25% and the amount of barley being bought dropped by 90%. This may be a cause for the farmer's downfall but it had no where near the effect that the impact of WWW had on farmers. It was a lesser cause and held far little importance than the impact of WWW.

Analysis Of The Book The Richest Man On Babylon By...

Morals and principles in business is what has kept the world going for centuries and what continues to fuel progress today. These ethics have not changed much since the book, â€Å"The Richest Man in Babylon,† was written by George S. Clason originally in 1926. In this book, Clason discusses a unique set of financial strategies and standards, such as the â€Å"The Seven Cures,† that relate with the class, Agricultural Financial Management, and life in general. With this book being written in the 1920s, it was a great time for the people living during that era, until 1924 when agriculture started witnessing the factors of the Great Depression. Although the book is set in Babylonian time, Clason created the parables in a storytelling format that makes†¦show more content†¦Although a budget is one part of this process, we must learn to save money first. Specifically, in this book it says to set aside one-tenth of what we earn and save it (ch.5). Setting aside one- tenth of what we earn allows us to make more suitable decisions on what we do with the other nine-tenths to live our daily lives. After a certain point, the one-tenth that we save every time we earn grows more and more to be able to buy the things we want or even really need. Saving a tenth of what is earned and budgeting the rest is only two of the seven cures that Arkad relays to the group of students. For the tenth that is saved, his third cure is to simply invest it. Compound interest is wonderful when it comes to saving money versus when borrowing money because both the principal and interest accumulated earn interest. By investing the saved money, it then becomes much larger and even greater income (ch.8). Although this may sound great, the fourth cure tells us that we must learn to secure small amounts before investing in substantial amounts. In class, we have learned that where there is risk, there is gain or loss. Whether we decide to loan the money or finance it, we must a ssure that we are loaning it to a reputable source or understand the dangers that lie in investing it (ch.8). Taking on another perspective, the fifth cure is to, â€Å"Own thy own home.† Mortgages were set so that

Self Representation and the Self-Defeating Speaker in...

Because Swift constructs a speaker who is meant to be seen as himself in â€Å"Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D.†, his approach to the satire changes, taking on a more playful approach. The poem is more personal than political, and is more comedic in the sense that he satirizing himself as well as other people groups. The self-defeating rhetorical approach is embodied in this poem in the way that he puts himself down and exposes his own follies throughout the poem. While this is no doubt somewhat tongue-in-cheek, this in some ways frees Swift from criticism from outside sources. It is difficult to wager criticism at someone who has already wagered it against himself. While this could also be seen as poking fun at other writers who are†¦show more content†¦The way in which Swift presents his speaker’s ridiculous ideas in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† not only projects negatively onto his political opinions, but also depicts his own opinions by positio ning himself as opposite to his speaker. Swift presents his own opinions by endowing his speaker’s with a shocking lack of empathy for human beings, implying that Swift himself is at the other end of the spectrum. In Erin Mackie’s article Swift And Mimetic Sickness, she postulates that â€Å"In ‘A Modest Proposal’ Swift mimics the modern policy man to exhibit his incapacity, at once cognitive and visceral, to register a categorical, that is epistemological, failure and its accompanying moral horrors. With his plan for factory farming Irish infants, the Modern Projector makes us sick precisely because he is not sickened† (364). In doing so, Swift not only establishes himself in the opposite camp, but also positions anyone who disagrees with his political stance to become identified with the cannibalistic speaker in â€Å"A Modest Proposal†. In spite of the fact that his speaker’s unfeelingness is perhaps exaggerated, it is hard to win a n argument in which you are embodying the role of an upper-class cannibal. Thus, Swift’s self-defeating representation of the upper-class causes any upper class persons opinion against Swift to be preemptively invalid in an epistemological sense. The mimesis that Mackie alludesShow MoreRelatedFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 PagesBrightness falls from the air/ Queens have died young and fair/Dust hath closed Helen’s eye. -from Thomas Nashe’s â€Å"Litany in Time of Plague;† refers to Helen of Troy. 4. alter ego: A literary character or narrator who is a thinly disguised representation of the author, poet, or playwright creating a work. 5. anaphora: repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses. †¢ The Lord sits above the water floods. The Lord remains a King forever. The Lord shallRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagese-mail to hbr_editorial@hbsp.harvard.edu. Unsolicited manuscripts will be returned only if accompanied by a self-addressed stamped envelope. EDITORIAL OFFICES 60 Harvard Way, Boston, MA 02163 617-783-7410; fax: 617-783-7493 www.hbr.org Volume 85, Number 4 April 2007 Printed in the U.S.A. Change Lives. Change Organizations. Change the World. Louis le Brocquy, artist. Study of Self. The Irish mind. The unique resource you’ll need to bring your knowledge-based business to peak performance